Understanding The Basics Of Wisconsin Lemon Law

Knowing the lemon laws is not enough. In USA, lemon laws take numerous forms across states. In fact, when you are plagued by a problematic vehicle it is always the best policy to hire the help of a lemon lawyer who specializes in the particular lemon laws of your state.

The Wisconsin Lemon Law came into effect from November 3, 1983 and is applicable to new vehicles (car, truck, motorcycle or motor home, to be precise), rented vehicles and all used vehicles that have been bought within the warranty period.

A quick glance at the major points of the Wisconsin Lemon Law throws up the following. In the first place, a vehicle is classified as "lemon" in Wisconsin if

- It has been bought or rented in Wisconsin,

- It is showing signs of strain within the first year of purchase

- It is showing signs of breaking down before the guarantee period has terminated,

- Within the first year of purchase or within the warranty period, four tries by the manufacturer has failed to fix its problems,

- It was non-functional for 30 days (need not be consecutive) during the first year of acquisition or within the warranty period.

An interesting facet of the Wisconsin Lemon Law is that it makes a difference between minor and major malfunctions. You are eligible to apply for compensation or refund or replacement claim under the lemon law only if your vehicle has a serious, that is a major malfunction. So it's no use crying foul if your car has a broken headlight or something equally inconsequential.

And speaking of the major and minor malfunctions, it is always worth knowing the nonconformities of the Wisconsin Lemon Law. They are:

- Conditions that do not affect the use, worth or safety of the vehicle,

- Items not covered by the manufacturer's warranty,

- Situations like poor acceleration of a vehicle with a small vehicle or when heavy steering has been employed on a vehicle without power steering,

- Conditions arising out of incorrect maneuver, misuse, neglect or unauthorized alterations to the setup.

Usually claimants have one or more sore points about lemon laws, but even the most stern claimants cannot help but praise the Wisconsin Lemon Law, which sets no deadline to file your lawsuit; instead the court will decide whether your case is too old to take up.

Under the Wisconsin Lemon Law, you are entitled to a quite a handsome compensation package. It may consist a reimbursement of the vehicle's purchase price plus collateral costs (less a reasonable allowance for use) or a similar new vehicle plus the collateral costs. These collateral costs include repair outlay on the nonconformity and alternative conveyance expenses.

If the manufacturer, who has apparently not taken your claims seriously, doesn't respond to your relief appeal within 30 days and you win at the court, you can pocket double damages, cost of the lawsuit and a lion's share of the lawyer's fees, plus any relief that the court thinks you are entitled to.

With the Wisconsin Lemon Law there are not many chances of your money going down the drains if you are found ineligible to compete for the lemon law. Your problematical vehicle, if it qualifies, can always find refuge by filing for a claim for misrepresentation, breach of warranty or breach of contract, among a host of others.

The Wisconsin Lemon Law is very considerate towards the plight of the one with the defective vehicle and especially shields from the cunning offers of the crafty vehicle manufacturers. Thus, if the manufacturer hands you a lengthy and pricey damage deduction list when you go to him for a refund or compensation, you can gleefully quote the Wisconsin Lemon Law. According to law, you are not liable to pay for normal wear and tear, such as minor dents, scratches, pitted glass, grubby carpets or slight stains.

Under the Wisconsin Lemon Law, justice is never denied nor delayed.




About the Author:

Kevin Bishop is a successful writer and publisher of legal issues, for more informative articles go to http://www.lemonlawmoney.com

The Lemon Law In Florida - Stating The Law As It Affects Consumers

The Florida Legislature in 1988 revised a law that makes car manufacturers responsible for replacing defective vehicles or refunding consumers' money if the vehicle applies to certain conditions set forth by the Legislature. This law is commonly known as Florida's automobile 'Lemon Law,' or popularly known as lemon law Florida.

Most of the states in United States protect consumers from vehicles with manufacturing or other defects. The law stated to prevent consumers from defective vehicles is known as Lemon Law. Lemon law Florida applied to new or demonstrator vehicles sold or long term leased in Florida. Lemon law Florida enables consumer to get repaid within a certain period of time if the vehicle turns out to be a lemon. According to lemon law Florida a vehicles is termed to be a lemon if it calls for multiple repairs in a short span of time. Usually a lemon car works cheaply or breaks down several times immediately after the purchase.

Lemon law Florida applies to only new or demonstrator vehicles sold in state of Florida. Lemon law Florida also applies to vehicles leased in Florida, if such vehicles are lease-purchased. Lemon law Florida is also applicable to vehicles in cases where lessee is responsible for the repair of the vehicle. Lemon law Florida does not cover trucks weighing more than ten thousand pounds gross vehicle weight, off-road vehicles, vehicles which are purchased for purposes of resale, motorcycles and mopeds, or the living facilities of recreational vehicles.

Information on lemon law Florida can be obtained from various websites that provide information about automobiles in Florida or United States. Consumer guide for lemon law Florida can be obtained from hotline number 1-800-321-5366, or 1-850-488-2221 for consumers outside Florida. This phone line should be answered between the hours of 8:30 a.m. to 4:30 p.m., Eastern Time. To file a suit for lemon law Florida one should consult lemon law attorneys who specialize in lemon law for Florida. Consumer guide to the Florida Lemon law explains consumer rights, gives steps to follow to resolve problems and contains a toll-free number for the Lemon Law Hotline and a form the consumer can use to notify the manufacturer of chronic defects and time out of service for repair.

Lemon law Florida covers defects or conditions that impair the use of the automobile. The automobile can also be proved to be hazardous or unsafe for use. According to lemon law Florida any defects pertaining to the automobile should be duly reported to the manufacturer or any authorized servicing agency. Lemon law Florida states the first 24 months after the purchase of any automobile as Lemon Law Period for that automobile. If the manufacturer fails to conform the vehicle to the warranty after a reasonable number of attempts to repair these defects, the law requires the manufacturer to buy back the defective vehicle and give the consumer a purchase price refund or a replacement vehicle. The law does not cover defects that result from accident, neglect, abuse, modification or alteration by persons other than the manufacturer or its authorized service agent.

by Earl Powers

Florida Lemon Law - Power To You

If you have had the misfortune to buy a 'lemon', but are residing in the state of Florida, you are in for luck, as the Florida Lemon Law is a veritable law that can protect you. Now for the newly initiated, 'lemons' are products that have a recurrent mechanical problem or fault that cannot be repaired, usually within the warranty period or if the problem persists even after several repairs. There are different lemon laws in the various states in the US so it is always advisable that the consumers check out the details.

What you need to know

In case of vehicles the Florida Lemon Law can be applied only for new ones, no used vehicle fall under its purview. The new vehicle however could be used for family, household or personal purposes. Or it could be a vehicle that has been leased to you for a period of more than a year with a written document indicating that the lessee is assigned for all mending. In special cases, vehicles that are demonstrators but are sold with a manufacture's guarantee also fall in this category.

Moreover, if the vehicle changes ownership within the first 2 years after its delivery to the initial customer, with both the customers having used it for household, personal or for family purposes, the end customer to whom the vehicle is transferred is also covered under the law.

When you buy or lease out a vehicle in the state of Florida you get the "Consumer Guide to the Florida Lemon Law". This document gives you vital information regarding your rights as a consumer, offer solutions to problems, a form that you can use to inform the manufacturer about serious faults and also gives you a toll free number that is the Lemon Law Hotline.

Finally, always remember you may be compensated for any defect or situation that may hamper the value, use or safety of your vehicle. However, if the defect or problem arises from the manhandling or modification of the vehicle by anyone other than the manufacture's service agent or has occurred due to an accident then it is not covered.

Vehicles that do not fall under the ambit of the Florida lemon law

If you possess any of the following you are not entitled to any protection from the Florida Lemon law:

- Motorcycles or mopeds - Trucks that cross the ten thousand pounds gross weight limit - Vehicles bought for reselling - Living amenities of recreational automobiles - Vehicles that run on tracks only - Off-road vehicles

Final reminders

The defects that plague your vehicle must be reported to the manufacturer within the "Lemon Law Rights Period", which is usually within the first 2 years after the delivery date. Time is of essence here as if you delay in reporting then you may lose out on many things including a purchase price refund or a replacement vehicle.

Make sure you keep records of all the repair and maintenance bills and also a repair order in written form obtained from the dealer for each repair. This also includes recording the time and date of the whole repair period. Recording the Odometer mileage is also essential along with a thorough knowledge about Technical Service Bulletins about your car.

Last but not the least and the most important thing of all is to get hold of a lawyer who specializes in Florida Lemon law.


by Kevin Bishop

So What Do You Know About California Lemon Laws?

It's a fact that Lemon Laws vary from state to state. Each state offers its own form of protection for those who buy vehicles, and it's up to consumers to know the laws of the land where they choose to live. California Lemon Law details are pretty encompassing, but there are some things about the laws buyers in this state need to know before they sign for a purchase.

In general, the California Lemon Law covers most of the basics. But, to make sure you understand Lemon Laws before making a new or used vehicle purchase, let's take a look at some of the top questions surrounding the Lemon Laws here:

What does the law give claimants if they're successful? In California, buyers of vehicles that are defective can receive a refund or a replacement of the faulty vehicle. Also included are registration fees, rental costs and even towing charges. Typically, the choice of a refund or replacement is given to the consumer, not the carmaker.

Does a used car have protection under California Lemon Law? Yes, the Lemon Law protects the buyers of used vehicles if there was a written warranty included at the time of purchase. Cars that are purchased with 'as-is' clauses do not qualify for protection under it.

Can a person who leases a vehicle find protection under California Lemon Law? Absolutely! Every leased vehicle that's covered by a warranty is also covered.

What about other types of vehicles, such as RVs and motorcycles? Are they covered by California Lemon Law? You bet! As long as they have warranties, they're covered by the law. This even includes boats.

Does the California Lemon Law have a set limit on protection? Yes and no. It remains in effect as long as a vehicle is under warranty, and can even extend out longer. If the first repair takes place while a vehicle is under warranty, the vehicle can come out of warranty and still be protected under the law.

Under California Lemon Laws, do owners need to submit to a manufacturer's repair process? No, unlike many other states, California doesn't require consumers to go through the hoops of a manufacturer's arbitration program. This is good news for consumers in California.

Does the California Lemon Law have a magic number of repair attempts before a claim can be made? No. It is actually a bit vague in this regard. All it states is that a reasonable number of attempts must be made. The four-time rule seems to be a good one to follow here for the exact same problem.

Do the repairs need to be for the same thing under California Lemon Laws for a vehicle to be considered a lemon? Not always. This is taken on a case-by-case basis in California. Often, the law is based on the total number of days a vehicle spends in repair shops.

Does a vehicle need to be taken back to the dealer where it was purchased from to qualify? No. Repairs can be made at any authorized dealer.

The California Lemon Law is a little more liberal than some other states' laws, but it still pays to understand it well before making a purchase. The more a buyer knows, the less likely he or she is to walk away from coverage that's there to protect them. Make sure you receive a detailed outline of the California Lemon Law before buying your vehicle.

by Ben Franklin

The PA Lemon Law

The PA Lemon Law is a Pennsylvania Law that protects purchasers of defective motor vehicles. The PA Lemon Law applies to new model vehicles that are registered for personal use in Pennsylvania, and can apply to cars, trucks, vans or SUV's. The Lemon Law sets forth protections and rights for the purchaser of a new vehicle which exhibits defects or non-conformities.

If it is found that a new vehicle has defects or non-conformities that substantially affect the use, value or safety of the vehicle, and the dealer or manufacturer cannot repair those defects, the vehicle will be found to be a "lemon". The first occurrence of the defect must occur within the first 12000 miles, and the dealer/manufacturer must be placed on notice that the defect exists. There is a supposition in Pennsylvania that the dealer/manufacturer must repair the defect within three attempts, or the vehicle may be declared a lemon.

The PA Lemon Law provides that the purchaser is entitled to a free replacement vehicle or a full refund of the purchase price. A refund would include all monies paid towards a down payment, any financing payments, including interest, any positive equity from a trade-in vehicle, plus the tax, title, plates and other associated fees. The Pennsylvania Lemon Law also provides that the manufacturer must pay your attorney fees if your vehicle is found to be a lemon. Because of that powerful provision in the Lemon Law, it would be foolhardy to proceed with a lemon law claim without the assistance of an experienced lemon law attorney.

In order to have a vehicle declared a lemon, the purchaser must first notify the manufacturer in writing of the defects of the vehicle and of the purchaser's request for a refund/replacement. Many times, the manufacturer will request that you submit a claim to their informal dispute resolution program. The PA Lemon Law provides that this step must be taken if the manufacturer's informal program complies with the mandates of federal law. The Better Business Bureau, or BBB, handles many manufacturer's informal programs in Pennsylvania. If you obtain a favorable decision from the BBB, you can accept their decision. If you obtain an unfavorable decision from the BBB, you can proceed to file a formal lawsuit to pursue your legal rights in state court.

Don't despair if you've reached the point of filing a state based lawsuit against the manufacturer. The Pennsylvania Lemon Law is a very powerful statute that provides you with an excellent chance at prevailing in court. If your vehicle exhibits substantial defects, and those defects cannot be repaired in a reasonable number of attempts by the manufacturer, the PA Lemon Law will protect you, and many manufacturers know it. In that regard, over 95% of lemon law related cases settle prior to trial. If you have hired the right lemon law attorney, your chances can increase even further.


by Greg Artim

The Lemon Laws

Lemon cars, trucks, vans and SUV's are everywhere. Various statistics that I have seen indicate that anywhere from 1 out of 100 to 1 out of 8 vehicles are lemons. Staggering statistics, to say the least. A Lemon, by definition, is a defective vehicle. All states have Lemon Laws that provide protection to you in the event that you have purchased a lemon. These law vary from state to state, but all have common themes.

The first common theme is the defective condition of the vehicle. In other words, something has to go wrong with your vehicle. The state Lemon Laws typically define what elements satisfy the defective condition requirement in order to be classified as a lemon. In Pennsylvania, for instance, the vehicle must exhibit a defect or non-conformity that substantially impairs the use, value or safety of the vehicle. In my experience, these types of defects usually consist of defective brakes, transmissions, engines, suspensions, steering and things of that nature. Claims for electrical failures, noise and leaks usually are sufficient as well.

The next common theme among the state Lemon Laws is the obligation to attempt repairs. Each state Lemon Law sets forth that the manufacturer must be given a reasonable number of attempts to repair the vehicle's defective condition. In Pennsylvania, that number is three. Some other states have the repair requirements set at four or more. If the Manufacturer or its agent (the dealer) cannot repair the vehicle after a reasonable number of attempts, you have a lemon.

The third common theme amongst state Lemon Laws is the remedy that you are entitled to if you have a lemon. Most states provide that the consumer is entitled to a full refund of the purchase price OR a free replacement vehicle. Some states go even further. In Pennsylvania the remedy includes all collateral charges as well as the purchase price, including taxes, title charges, down payment, interest and more. If you choose the refund election you may end up getting every dollar back that you put into the vehicle. In addition, most states provide for the recovery of attorney fees and costs as well.


by Greg Artim

The Lemon Law In California - What Are The Consumer Benefits?

Various states across US have different lemon laws. Lemon law California differs from those in other states. It is important to know the fine intricacies of Lemon law California. Lemon law California is also known as Motor Vehicle Warranty Rights Act. The California lemon law states that any vehicle purchase is a major consumer purchase. If such a vehicle turns out to be defective or if is found to cause serious injuries or even hardships to the consumer due to its defects, then a consumer is entitled to be made aware of his rights. Under the consumer rights if the defects or hardships are proved in the Federal court of law and if the vehicle is under warranty period, then a consumer can call for a lemon law suit.

Lemon law California and Federal warranty law protect consumers from being stuck with 'Lemon' automobiles, computer lemons and other defective consumer products. According to Lemon Law in California, if any car or computer is turns out to be a Lemon, then a consumer may be entitled to your money back, a replacement or a cash settlement.

According the Lemon law California, the owner of a motor vehicle or the owner's designated agent may make a complaint concerning a defect in a motor vehicle that is covered by a manufacturer's, converter's, or distributor's warranty agreement applicable to the vehicle. Any complaint regarding a lemon vehicle must be made in writing to the applicable dealer, manufacturer, converter, or distributor. The written complaint about a Lemon must specify each defect in the vehicle that is covered by the warranty. The owner may also invoke the board's jurisdiction by sending a copy of the complaint to the board. Any case regarding the lemon vehicle, if not resolved by owner and dealer or manufacture privately is entitled for a hearing.

Before filing a suit for any damaged vehicle for lemon law California certain points must be ensured for proper proceedings in a federal court of law. All copies of documentation concerning the car and all the repair records should be kept in proper order. A track of details such as when was the vehicle serviced, where the vehicle was purchased from, from whom the vehicle was purchased etc. Technical service bulletins concerning the car should be called for. The VIN or Vehicle Identification Number for a lemon vehicle should be noted specifically. This VIN number is a series of 17 numbers and letters that are unique to each vehicle. It is located on a metal plate at the lower corner of the front windshield on the driver's side. There are various attorneys who specialize in lemon law California such attorneys should be specifically consulted for filing any lemon law suit.

A vehicle report history should also be kept in order for any reference before filing the suit for lemon law California. A vehicle report history can be easily obtained from the internet. Various agencies provide free vehicle history report in California. A vehicle history report can be generated by providing the VIN to any of the websites pertaining to vehicles in California. The vehicle history report easily reveals any problems that might not be visible to untrained eye. This could be major damage from collision, fire, hail or water damage, odometer rollback or tampering, lemon or junk status, and much more.

Lemon law California states all the provisions to prevent a consumer from being stuck with a lemon. The best way to get rid of lemon car is to act and file a suit as soon as possible.


by Earl Powers

The Lemon Law

Lemon cars, trucks, vans and SUV's are everywhere. Various statistics that I have seen indicate that anywhere from 1 out of 100 to 1 out of 8 vehicles are lemons. Staggering statistics, to say the least. A Lemon, by definition, is a defective vehicle. All states have Lemon Laws that provide protection to you in the event that you have purchased a lemon. These law vary from state to state, but all have common themes.

The first common theme is the defective condition of the vehicle. In other words, something has to go wrong with your vehicle. The state Lemon Laws typically define what elements satisfy the defective condition requirement in order to be classified as a lemon. In Pennsylvania, for instance, the vehicle must exhibit a defect or non-conformity that substantially impairs the use, value or safety of the vehicle. In my experience, these types of defects usually consist of defective brakes, transmissions, engines, suspensions, steering and things of that nature. Claims for electrical failures, noise and leaks usually are sufficient as well.

The next common theme among the state Lemon Laws is the obligation to attempt repairs. Each state Lemon Law sets forth that the manufacturer must be given a reasonable number of attempts to repair the vehicle's defective condition. In Pennsylvania, that number is three. Some other states have the repair requirements set at four or more. If the Manufacturer or its agent (the dealer) cannot repair the vehicle after a reasonable number of attempts, you have a lemon.

The third common theme amongst state Lemon Laws is the remedy that you are entitled to if you have a lemon. Most states provide that the consumer is entitled to a full refund of the purchase price OR a free replacement vehicle. Some states go even further. In Pennsylvania the remedy includes all collateral charges as well as the purchase price, including taxes, title charges, down payment, interest and more. If you choose the refund election you may end up getting every dollar back that you put into the vehicle. In addition, most states provide for the recovery of attorney fees and costs as well.


by Greg Artim

A General Overview of a Lemon Law Claim

Many states have automobile based lemon laws to protect individuals who have purchased defective motor vehicles. If your state does not have an automobile lemon law, you can still be protected by what is referred to as the Federal Lemon Law, or the Magnusson Moss Act. While the law is different in each state, many similarities can be found in the state lemon laws and the Federal Magnusson Moss Act. Typically, your vehicle must exhibit a defect or non-conformity that substantially impairs the use, value or safety of your vehicle. Examples of this might be engine, transmission, braking, suspension or other serious problems. The defect must first occur within some defined mileage parameter, usually 12,000 or 18,000 miles or the first year that the car is in service. The lemon laws always give the manufacturer a reasonable number of attempts to repair the problem, and that can vary from state to state. The number of repair attempts is usually three or four, but check your state law to be sure. If the manufacturer cannot repair the defect within that number of attempts, then you have a lemon. Most states set forth that you are entitled to a refund of the purchase price or a replacement vehicle, free of charge. These laws usually provide for the recovery of all consequential damages that you may have encountered as well, such as all of the payments that you have made on the vehicle, including interest, any down payment, any repair charges, etc... The lemon laws are very much geared towards protecting the purchaser of a defective vehicle. They are extremely friendly consumer statutes.

The problem is that having a lemon and getting a manufacturer to agree that you have a lemon are two very different things. After your vehicle has been in for repairs the requisite number of times, the first step that you have to take is to advise the manufacturer, in writing, of your concerns. This usually takes the form of a letter to that manufacturer which essentially revokes your acceptance of the vehicle. What that means is that you are attempting to revoke the contract between yourself and the manufacturer, and are making a demand for a refund or a replacement vehicle. The manufacturer will rarely agree to your demand at this point in time. The next step, which is mandated by many state lemon laws, is that you have to submit your claim to an Arbitration panel for review. Many states, and many manufacturers, use the Better Business Bureau as its Arbitration panel. These Arbitration panels are usually non-binding on you, the consumer, but are binding upon the manufacturer. In that regard, it has been my experience that the Arbitrators tend to lean towards the side of the manufacturers in these types of cases, because they know that you can go further, and the manufacturer cannot. After Arbitration, if it is not in your favor, the next step in your lemon law claim would be to file a lawsuit against the Manufacturer in a court of competent jurisdiction. It is at this point that the Manufacturer realizes that you are serious, and may begin to entertain realistic formal discussions regarding your vehicle's problems.

This may sound like a lot of work, a lot of hoops to jump through, and it really is, but the great thing about lemon laws is that they typically provide the consumer with Free legal representation. That's right, you can get an Attorney to work for you for free! The Attorney is not actually working for free, but the lemon laws usually provide that the manufacturer must pay your reasonable Attorney fees if the vehicle is found to be a lemon. Lemon Law Attorneys rarely charge any up front retainers, and may or may not charge you for out-of-pocket costs on such a claim. These Attorneys typically look to the manufacturer for their fees and reimbursement of costs. While I would not wish a lemon upon anyone, getting a free attorney to assist you is not half bad.

by Greg Artim

Ohio Lemon Law - Your Last Recourse

If you buy a new vehicle, you are sure to have a warranty from the manufacturer. What it does is that it requires the manufacturer to pay for parts and service if any problem arises. Now, if the problem is critical and it falls under the warranty, all you need to do is approach the dealer to resurrect it. And if the dealer cannot fix the problem after a considerable number of attempts, you may have a lemon. Yes, you can claim a lemon law that makes you entitled of a replacement or compensation on part of the manufacturer.

Ohio lemon law came into being to safeguard the consumer's rights against any flaw that largely impairs its use, worth or safety, and has not been suitably repaired or repaired in a timely manner on part of the manufacturer. Passenger cars, motorcycles, motor homes and "light" trucks are the vehicles covered by the lemon law. Remember, the lemon law is pertinent for the above said vehicles in the first year or 18,000 miles of action, whichever happens first. However, recreational vehicles as well as boats are out of the question. It is worth mentioning that Ohio lemon law is not applicable for used cars.

Lemon laws make sure that the manufactures and dealers reimburse the purchased price of the vehicle or provide a replacement vehicle, if they are unsuccessful to resurrect the problem within a considerable amount of time. Any letdown to act in accordance with Ohio's Lemon Law is a breach of Ohio's Consumer Sales Practices Act.

Before a vehicle is said to be a lemon, there are a lot of things apart from the manufacturer's defect, which are required to be considered. If within the first year of purchase or 18,000 miles of operation, the manufacturer through the dealer has made three or more attempts to fix the problem, but all in vain the law is applicable.

Similarly, if the vehicle does not function for a total of 30 or more calendar days for repairs. If the manufacturer takes eight or more tries to repair a sizeable problem covered by the warranty, it still calls for the enactment of the lemon law. The law also applies when there has been one repair attempt at the most for a safety-related problem, which still remains unresolved.

Ohio Lemon Law also ensures that the automakers and dealers present more information to consumers than before. Consumers should keep good records and an exact maintenance history to stay in safe hands. They should keep all warranty and repair orders intact. On receiving the order, consumers must counter check it to authenticate all the pertinent information. From writing down the vehicle's problems to filing in the repair records, everything needs to be done. Last but not the least, a consumer should certainly follow the owner's manual.

Always remember that before you file a lawsuit, arbitration is another way to resolve your dispute. Arbitration can also be compulsory at times. Generally, verdict is given within 40 days after the Board has received the consumer's application for arbitration. The best part is that the manufacturers pay for arbitration programs irrespective whether they win or lose.

With the initiation of the Ohio lemon law, there has been less problems with automobiles and hence a good number of satisfied customers.

by Kevin Bishop